The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is an optimal intervention to adapt for older adults to increase their engagement in daily activities. The UP is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with evidence base to reduce psychopathology, especially in transdiagnostic anxiety. As a transdiagnostic treatment, it can be applied across diagnostic categories to address a wide range of presenting problems. The UP is efficacious for anxiety, depression, and related emotional problems and has been used with older adults. The UP contains five core skills that are relevant to increasing activity engagement: Session 1 (Motivation \& Psychoeducation about Emotions); Session 2 (Breaking down Emotions \& Mindfulness); Session 3 (Cognitive Flexibility); Session 4 (Countering Emotion-Driven Behaviors); Session 5 (Exposure and Relapse Prevention).
Transdiagnostic treatments, like the UP, are advantageous for dissemination and implementation because they are adaptable and reduce clinician training burden. The UP has demonstrated adaptability for underserved patient populations and has been successfully abbreviated to meet the needs of unique patient populations. Further, it has been successfully delivered by clinicians without previous CBT experience, increasing its potential for dissemination. A five-session version of this treatment (UP-5) was developed that includes the core skills and showed acceptability in adults with acute suicide risk. The primary aim of this study is to adapt the UP-5 for use with older adults reporting emotional distress to increase their daily activity. Because research indicates the proportion of older adults who access and receive evidence-based treatments is low, the study team is proposing to develop therapist-delivered and self-guided versions of the treatment. Self-guided interventions may be ideal for older adults because they do not compete with other healthcare demands and they have the potential for significant public health impact for older adults where access to services is low. The secondary aim of this study is to compare the self-guided and therapist-delivered versions to begin identifying the minimum level of intervention needed to increase activity in older adults. This project is significant because it will produce an implementable, evidence-based treatment to increase access to evidence-based interventions designed to increase daily activity in older adults.
Phase 1. The purpose of Phase 1 was to adapt self-guided and therapist-delivered versions of the UP from the existing UP-5 using stakeholder feedback. The study used a successive cohort design and delivered the UP-5 to two cohorts of two patients (total of 4). One week after the fifth session, patients provided feedback about the treatment in exit interviews, which was used to develop and refine a self-guided version of the UP-5.
Phase 2. Phase 2 was a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing the adapted self-guided and therapist-delivered versions of the UP-5. Patients were randomized to complete one of these two treatments, 8 patients in each treatment arm. Therapist-delivered treatment was provided by telehealth via the study interventionist. All sessions were audio or video recorded so that a percentage could be rated for therapist adherence. Participants were provided with a pedometer to keep track of their step count throughout treatment. During each therapist-delivered treatment session, starting at session 2, the interventionist completed a Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) rating and documented how much of the homework they thought the participant completed since the last session (0-100%). Outcomes were evaluated pre/post treatment and include measures of daily activity (PSFS), depression (PROMIS-depression), anxiety (PROMIS-anxiety), cognitive flexibility, experiential avoidance (BEAQ), and mindfulness (SMQ). Treatment satisfaction (Client-Satisfaction Questionnaire) and credibility and expectancy of improvement (CEIS) were evaluated post-treatment. The post-treatment visit was 1 week after completing self-guided or therapist-driven treatment. Five weeks after completing the final treatment session, measures and reporting of daily step count were collected remotely, one final time.
