COlchicine in Cardiac Surgery

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a major complication of cardiac surgery, which could lead to high morbidity and mortality, increase duration of hospital stay and increase the cost of treatment. Postoperative AF is considered as a multifactorial phenomenon. Its pathogenesis is characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress and autonomic dysfunction. Several predisposing factors lead to the development of POAF, including pre -, intra-and postoperative factors. The main of them are age, previous history of major cardiovascular risk factors and ischemic reperfusion injury during surgery. Treatment of POAF involves drugs to control the frequency of rhythm in hemodynamically stable patients and other treatment regimens usually used for the treatment of AF. Intraoperative administration of beta-blockers and some antiarrhythmic drugs is recommended by international clinical guidelines. In addition, previous treatment consisting of the use of colchicine, magnesium sulfate, statins and antioxidants have reduced the incidence of postoperative AF. However, the results of large-scale randomized trials have observed the development of undesirable adverse reactions. Despite these recommendations, the question of the correct regimen for prevention of POAF remains controversial. Colchicine possesses both anti-inflammatory and sympatholytic properties, so it has been studied to prevent POAF. The ACC/AHA guidelines for colchicine contain a class IIB recommendation, but the ESC guidelines do not recommend this drug. Two studies sequentially COPPS-1 and COPPS-2 evaluated the effect of colchicine on the incidence of POAF after open heart surgery (COPPS-1) and the development of postcardiotomy syndrome (COPPS-2). In COPPS-1, patients (n=336) were treated with colchicine from the third day after surgery for a month and showed a significant decrease of POAF after heart surgery over the entire follow-up period. 360 patients were evaluated in the COPPS-2 study. The incidence of POAF between the colchicine and placebo groups was comparable, although colchicine significantly reduced postpericardiotomy syndrome. The main limitation of the COPSS-2 study was the high rate of cessation of intervention (20% of participants), which had a significant impact on the outcome of the trial. Based on the latest meta-analysis of the colchicine effect on POAF after heart surgery, it was found that it still reduces POAF compared with control (HR = 0.69, 95% IM 0.57-0.84, p = 0.0002) and the duration of hospital stay was reduced by 1.2 days (95% IM -1.89 to -0.44, p = 0.002); however, the frequency of adverse gastrointestinal events increased significantly (HR = 2.52, 95% IM 1.62-3.93, p \< 0.0001). Despite the high level of side effects, a significant reduction of POAF outweighs the balance in the favor of its use. However, more researches are needed to focus on reducing of side effects by optimizing the colchicine regimen to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. It is believed that further research is needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of colchicine in these conditions. This research is aimed to study the effectiveness of short-term administration of the drug.