Signaling Pathways Targeting Colorectal Cancer in Egypt

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In Egypt, CRC constitutes 4.2% of all cancers with median age is 50 years old.

The TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is a transcriptional target of p53. TIGAR functions as a fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, decreasing the flux through the main glycolytic pathway. Consequently, glucose metabolism diverted into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). This results in TIGAR-mediated increase in cellular NADPH production, which contributes to the scavenging of ROS by reduced glutathione and thus a lower sensitivity of cells to oxidative stress-associated apoptosis. PPP also produce ribose phosphate for DNA synthesis and repair that play a role in tumor development and cell survival in tumor microenvironment. A high expression level of TIGAR was observed in cancers such as breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, intestinal cancer, and glioblastoma. These studies suggested that TIGAR may act as an oncogene that support cancer progression. The tripartite motif containing 59 (TRIM) proteins have been implicated in many biological processes including cell differentiation, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, and signaling pathways. It is related to several cancers. The oncogenic effect of TRIM59 on tumor proliferation and migration has been studied in various cancers, including gastric cancer, osteosarcoma, lung and CRC. The biological activity of TRIM59 has been observed to be closely associated with the regulation of P53. TRIM59 interacts with P53, leading to P53 ubiquitination and degradation, and consequently promotes tumor growth and migration. TRIM59 functions as an oncogene in CRC progression. It also activates the PI3K/AKT pathway. Increased activity of this pathway is often associated with tumor progression and resistance to cancer therapies. AKT can control TIGAR protein translation by activation of mTOR. Targeting TRIM59 inhibition will inhibit PI3K-Akt pathway downregulate TIGAR protein translation. This is in turn downregulates GSH levels, increases ROS production, leading to cell death and blocks the cellular proliferation and survival of cancer cells leading to tumor regression. Therefore, TRIM59 protein can serve as a new potential therapeutic target for CRC.