Drug Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter Function in Chronic Kidney Disease

Specific Aim 1: Determine the effect of vitamin D deficiency and repletion on xenobiotic clearance in vivo. The study will mechanistically evaluate the function of major pathways of metabolism and transport by prospectively studying clearance phenotypes utilizing "probe" drugs commonly used for this purpose in CKD patients and healthy volunteers under vitamin D deficient and replete states. Bupropion, midazolam, olmesartan, fexofenadine, in addition to an endogenous probe (N-methylnicotinamide), will be used to phenotype major phase I drug metabolizing enzymes \[cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6), cytochrome P450 3A4/5 (CYP3A4/5)\], and transporters \[multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1/2K (MATE1/2K)\], respectively. Hypothesis: The in vivo function of individual pathways of xenobiotic metabolism and transport are affected by vitamin D status (and CKD). Specific Aim 2: Determine the effect of CKD on the in vivo function of individual CYPs responsible for vitamin D metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). The research will prospectively measure the activity of CYP450s responsible for cholecalciferol metabolism, and simultaneously evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of cholecalciferol after single- and multiple-dose administration to CKD patients (stages 1-5) and healthy volunteers. Hypothesis: CKD alters the activity of individual CYPs responsible for vitamin D metabolism, leading to modified clearance of cholecalciferol.